Ecology studies the interaction and interdependence among living organisms in their environment. The course presents fundamental scientific principles in examining how natural ecosystems function, focusing on physical, chemical, and biological processes within the Earth system, and how human actions affect natural ecosystems. Emphasis is placed on the role of science in determining causes and in contributing solutions to local and global environmental problems. Topics include ecological principles, biodiversity, climate change, sustainability, renewable and non-renewable energy, water resources, air and water pollution, and solid waste management.