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Proper usage of MLA, APA, and Chicago citation styles
Proper citation is essential for academic writing. Below are our recommended guides for commonly used citation formats.
APA 7th Edition
The APA (American Psychological Association) 7th Edition format is widely used in the social sciences, education, and psychology. It covers both in-text citations and reference lists.
The official APA website also provides comprehensive resources, including:
MLA 9th Edition
The MLA (Modern Language Association) 9th Edition format is commonly used in literature, arts, and humanities. It emphasizes author-page in-text citations and works cited entries. See the guide below:
Chicago Manual of Style
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) 17th Edition is commonly used in history, business, and the social sciences. It emphasizes two distinct documentation systems: the Notes and Bibliography style (using footnotes or endnotes) and the Author-Date style. See the guides below:
| Style | Common Disciplines | In-Text Citation | Reference Page |
|---|---|---|---|
| APA 7th Edition | Psychology, Education, Social Sciences | (Author, Year) | References (alphabetized) |
| MLA 9th Edition | Humanities, Literature, Arts | (Author Page) | Works Cited (alphabetized) |
| Chicago 17th Edition | History, Business, Fine Arts | Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date | Bibliography |